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带原型的javascript函数继承

prototypal-inheritance performance inheritance javascript

cdmckay · 技术社区 · 15 年前

在道格拉斯·克罗克福德 javascript:好的部分 他建议我们使用功能继承。下面是一个例子:

var mammal = function(spec, my) {
    var that = {};
    my = my || {};

    // Protected
    my.clearThroat = function() { 
        return "Ahem";
    };

    that.getName = function() {
        return spec.name;
    };

    that.says = function() {
        return my.clearThroat() + ' ' + spec.saying || '';
    };

    return that;
};

var cat = function(spec, my) {
    var that = {};
    my = my || {};

    spec.saying = spec.saying || 'meow';
    that = mammal(spec, my);

    that.purr = function() { 
        return my.clearThroat() + " purr"; 
    };

    that.getName = function() { 
        return that.says() + ' ' + spec.name + ' ' + that.says();
    };

    return that;
};

var kitty = cat({name: "Fluffy"});

我的主要问题是每次我 mammal 或 cat javascript解释器必须重新编译其中的所有函数。也就是说,您不能在实例之间共享代码。

我的问题是:如何使此代码更高效?例如,如果我 猫 对象,修改此模式以利用 prototype 对象?

4 回复 | 直到 12 年前

Plynx 15 年前

如果你打算做很多 mammal 或 cat . 相反,用传统的方式(原型)并按属性继承。您仍然可以按照上面的方法来执行构造函数,但不是 that 和 my 你使用了隐式 this 以及一些表示基类的变量(在本例中, this.mammal )

cat.prototype.purr = function() { return this.mammal.clearThroat() + "purr"; }

我会用另一个名字 我的 用于基本访问并存储在 这 在 猫 构造函数。在这个例子中,我使用 哺乳动物 但如果你想的话,这可能不是最好的 静止的 访问全球 哺乳动物 对象。另一个选项是命名变量 base .

Mohsen 12 年前

让我给你介绍一个从未使用过的经典遗产 prototype . 这是一个糟糕的编码练习,但会教你 古典继承 它总是与 原型继承 :

做一个客户:

function Person(name, age){
  this.name = name;
  this.age = age;
  this.sayHello = function(){return "Hello! this is " + this.name;}
}

创建另一个继承它的Cunstructor:

function Student(name, age, grade){
  Person.apply(this, [name, age]);
  this.grade = grade
}

很简单! Student 调用(应用) Person 就其本身而言 name 和 age 争论解决了 grade 论点本身。

现在我们来举一个例子 学生 .

var pete = new Student('Pete', 7, 1);

出 pete 对象现在将包含 名称 , 年龄 , 等级 和 sayHello 属性。它拥有所有这些属性。它们不会被上传到 人 通过原型。如果我们改变 人 对此:

function Person(name, age){
  this.name = name;
  this.age = age;
  this.sayHello = function(){
    return "Hello! this is " + this.name + ". I am " this.age + " years old";
  }
}

皮特 不会收到更新。如果我们打电话 pete.sayHello ,TI将返回 Hello! this is pete . 它不会得到新的更新。

caroen 14 年前

如果你想要隐私,你不喜欢打印,你可能喜欢,也可能不喜欢这种方法:

(注:使用jquery.extend)

var namespace = namespace || {};

// virtual base class
namespace.base = function (sub, undefined) {

    var base = { instance: this };

    base.hierarchy = [];

    base.fn = {

        // check to see if base is of a certain class (must be delegated)
        is: function (constr) {

            return (this.hierarchy[this.hierarchy.length - 1] === constr);
        },

        // check to see if base extends a certain class (must be delegated)
        inherits: function (constr) {

            for (var i = 0; i < this.hierarchy.length; i++) {

                if (this.hierarchy[i] == constr) return true;
            }
            return false;
        },

        // extend a base (must be delegated)
        extend: function (sub) {

            this.hierarchy.push(sub.instance.constructor);

            return $.extend(true, this, sub);
        },

        // delegate a function to a certain context
        delegate: function (context, fn) {

            return function () { return fn.apply(context, arguments); }
        },

        // delegate a collection of functions to a certain context
        delegates: function (context, obj) {

            var delegates = {};

            for (var fn in obj) {

                delegates[fn] = base.fn.delegate(context, obj[fn]);
            }

            return delegates;
        }
    };

    base.public = {
        is: base.fn.is,
        inherits: base.fn.inherits
    };

    // extend a sub-base
    base.extend = base.fn.delegate(base, base.fn.extend);

    return base.extend(sub);
};

namespace.MyClass = function (params) {

    var base = { instance: this };

    base.vars = {
        myVar: "sometext"
    }

    base.fn = {
        init: function () {

            base.vars.myVar = params.myVar;
        },

        alertMyVar: function() {

            alert(base.vars.myVar);
        }

    };

    base.public = {
        alertMyVar: base.fn.alertMyVar
    };

    base = namespace.base(base);

    base.fn.init();

    return base.fn.delegates(base,base.public);
};

newMyClass = new namespace.MyClass({myVar: 'some text to alert'});
newMyClass.alertMyVar();

唯一的缺点是,由于隐私范围的原因,您只能扩展虚拟类,而不能扩展实例类。

下面是我如何扩展namespace.base以绑定/取消绑定/触发自定义事件的示例。

// virtual base class for controls
namespace.controls.base = function (sub) {

    var base = { instance: this };

    base.keys = {
        unknown: 0,
        backspace: 8,
        tab: 9,
        enter: 13,
        esc: 27,
        arrowUp: 38,
        arrowDown: 40,
        f5: 116
    }

    base.fn = {

        // bind/unbind custom events. (has to be called via delegate)
        listeners: {

            // bind custom event
            bind: function (type, fn) {

                if (fn != undefined) {

                    if (this.listeners[type] == undefined) {
                        throw (this.type + ': event type \'' + type + '\' is not supported');
                    }

                    this.listeners[type].push(fn);
                }

                return this;
            },

            // unbind custom event
            unbind: function (type) {

                if (this.listeners[type] == undefined) {
                    throw (this.type + ': event type \'' + type + '\' is not supported');
                }

                this.listeners[type] = [];

                return this;
            },

            // fire a custom event
            fire: function (type, e) {

                if (this.listeners[type] == undefined) {
                    throw (this.type + ': event type \'' + type + '\' does not exist');
                }

                for (var i = 0; i < this.listeners[type].length; i++) {

                    this.listeners[type][i](e);
                }

                if(e != undefined) e.stopPropagation();
            }
        }
    };

    base.public = {
        bind: base.fn.listeners.bind,
        unbind: base.fn.listeners.unbind
    };

    base = new namespace.base(base);

    base.fire = base.fn.delegate(base, base.fn.listeners.fire);

    return base.extend(sub);
};

DATEx2 12 年前

要正确使用基于javascript原型的继承,可以使用 fastClass https://github.com/dotnetwise/Javascript-FastClass

你有更简单的 inheritWith 风味:

  var Mammal = function (spec) {
    this.spec = spec;
}.define({
    clearThroat: function () { return "Ahem" },
    getName: function () {
        return this.spec.name;
    },
    says: function () {
        return this.clearThroat() + ' ' + spec.saying || '';
    }
});

var Cat = Mammal.inheritWith(function (base, baseCtor) {
    return {
        constructor: function(spec) { 
            spec = spec || {};
            baseCtor.call(this, spec); 
        },
        purr: function() {
            return this.clearThroat() + " purr";
        },
        getName: function() {
            return this.says() + ' ' + this.spec.name + this.says();
        }
    }
});

var kitty = new Cat({ name: "Fluffy" });
kitty.purr(); // Ahem purr
kitty.getName(); // Ahem Fluffy Ahem

如果你非常关心表现,那么 FAST类 风味:

var Mammal = function (spec) {
    this.spec = spec;
}.define({
    clearThroat: function () { return "Ahem" },
    getName: function () {
        return this.spec.name;
    },
    says: function () {
        return this.clearThroat() + ' ' + spec.saying || '';
    }
});

var Cat = Mammal.fastClass(function (base, baseCtor) {
    return function() {
        this.constructor = function(spec) { 
            spec = spec || {};
            baseCtor.call(this, spec); 
        };
        this.purr = function() {
            return this.clearThroat() + " purr";
        },
        this.getName = function() {
            return this.says() + ' ' + this.spec.name + this.says();
        }
    }
});

var kitty = new Cat({ name: "Fluffy" });
kitty.purr(); // Ahem purr
kitty.getName(); // Ahem Fluffy Ahem

顺便说一句,您的初始代码没有任何意义,但我确实尊重它。

FAST类 效用:

Function.prototype.fastClass = function (creator) {
    var baseClass = this, ctor = (creator || function () { this.constructor = function () { baseClass.apply(this, arguments); } })(this.prototype, this)

    var derrivedProrotype = new ctor();

    if (!derrivedProrotype.hasOwnProperty("constructor"))
        derrivedProrotype.constructor = function () { baseClass.apply(this, arguments); }

    derrivedProrotype.constructor.prototype = derrivedProrotype;
    return derrivedProrotype.constructor;
};

继承 效用:

Function.prototype.inheritWith = function (creator, makeConstructorNotEnumerable) {
    var baseCtor = this;
    var creatorResult = creator.call(this, this.prototype, this) || {};
    var Derrived = creatorResult.constructor ||
    function defaultCtor() {
        baseCtor.apply(this, arguments);
    }; 
    var derrivedPrototype;
    function __() { };
    __.prototype = this.prototype;
    Derrived.prototype = derrivedPrototype = new __;

    for (var p in creatorResult)
        derrivedPrototype[p] = creatorResult[p];

    if (makeConstructorNotEnumerable && canDefineNonEnumerableProperty) //this is not default as it carries over some performance overhead
        Object.defineProperty(derrivedPrototype, 'constructor', {
            enumerable: false,
            value: Derrived
        });

    return Derrived;
};

define 效用:

Function.prototype.define = function (prototype) {
    var extendeePrototype = this.prototype;
    if (prototype)
        for (var p in prototype)
            extendeePrototype[p] = prototype[p];
    return this;
}

[*免责声明,我是开源软件包的作者,方法本身的名称将来可能会被重命名`*]