更新代码,将原型分配给error.prototype,instanceof和断言工作。

function NotImplementedError(message) {
    this.name = "NotImplementedError";
    this.message = (message || "");
}
NotImplementedError.prototype = Error.prototype;

但是,我只会抛出您自己的对象并检查name属性。

throw {name : "NotImplementedError", message : "too lazy to implement"}; 

基于批注编辑

在看了这些评论并试图记住我为什么要将原型分配给 Error.prototype 而不是 new Error() 就像尼古拉斯·扎卡斯 article 我创造了一个 jsFiddle 代码如下:

function NotImplementedError(message) {
  this.name = "NotImplementedError";
  this.message = (message || "");
}
NotImplementedError.prototype = Error.prototype;

function NotImplementedError2(message) {
  this.message = (message || "");
}
NotImplementedError2.prototype = new Error();

try {
  var e = new NotImplementedError("NotImplementedError message");
  throw e;
} catch (ex1) {
  console.log(ex1.stack);
  console.log("ex1 instanceof NotImplementedError = " + (ex1 instanceof NotImplementedError));
  console.log("ex1 instanceof Error = " + (ex1 instanceof Error));
  console.log("ex1.name = " + ex1.name);
  console.log("ex1.message = " + ex1.message);
}

try {
  var e = new NotImplementedError2("NotImplementedError2 message");
  throw e;
} catch (ex1) {
  console.log(ex1.stack);
  console.log("ex1 instanceof NotImplementedError2 = " + (ex1 instanceof NotImplementedError2));
  console.log("ex1 instanceof Error = " + (ex1 instanceof Error));
  console.log("ex1.name = " + ex1.name);
  console.log("ex1.message = " + ex1.message);
}

控制台输出就是这个。

undefined
ex1 instanceof NotImplementedError = true
ex1 instanceof Error = true
ex1.name = NotImplementedError
ex1.message = NotImplementedError message
Error
    at window.onload (http://fiddle.jshell.net/MwMEJ/show/:29:34)
ex1 instanceof NotImplementedError2 = true
ex1 instanceof Error = true
ex1.name = Error
ex1.message = NotImplementedError2 message

这证实了我遇到的“问题”是错误的堆栈属性是行号,其中 新错误() 是被创建的,而不是 throw e 发生。然而,这可能比具有 NotImplementedError.prototype.name = "NotImplementedError" 影响错误对象的行。

另外,请注意 NotImplementedError2 ,当我不设置 .name 明确地说,它等于“错误”。但是,正如注释中提到的,因为该版本将原型设置为 新错误() 我可以设定 NotImplementedError2.prototype.name = "NotImplementedError2" 好吧。

以上所有的答案都很糟糕——真的。即使是那个有107个UPS的!真正的答案在这里,伙计们:

Inheriting from the Error object - where is the message property?

DR:

A. The理性 message 不是设定的是 Error 是一个函数,它返回一个新的错误对象并执行 不 操纵 this 无论如何。

B.这样做的方法是从构造函数返回应用的结果,并以通常复杂的javascript方法设置原型:

function MyError() {
    var temp = Error.apply(this, arguments);
    temp.name = this.name = 'MyError';
    this.message = temp.message;
    if(Object.defineProperty) {
        // getter for more optimizy goodness
        /*this.stack = */Object.defineProperty(this, 'stack', { 
            get: function() {
                return temp.stack
            },
            configurable: true // so you can change it if you want
        })
    } else {
        this.stack = temp.stack
    }
}
//inherit prototype using ECMAScript 5 (IE 9+)
MyError.prototype = Object.create(Error.prototype, {
    constructor: {
        value: MyError,
        writable: true,
        configurable: true
    }
});

var myError = new MyError("message");
console.log("The message is: '" + myError.message + "'"); // The message is: 'message'
console.log(myError instanceof Error); // true
console.log(myError instanceof MyError); // true
console.log(myError.toString()); // MyError: message
console.log(myError.stack); // MyError: message \n 
// <stack trace ...>


 
//for EMCAScript 4 or ealier (IE 8 or ealier), inherit prototype this way instead of above code:
/*
var IntermediateInheritor = function() {};
IntermediateInheritor.prototype = Error.prototype;
MyError.prototype = new IntermediateInheritor();
*/

您可能会做一些小技巧来枚举 tmp 设置它们而不是仅显式设置时出错 stack 和 消息 ,但IE<9不支持这种诡计

如果有人对如何创建自定义错误感兴趣 和 获取堆栈跟踪:

function CustomError(message) {
  this.name = 'CustomError';
  this.message = message || '';
  var error = new Error(this.message);
  error.name = this.name;
  this.stack = error.stack;
}
CustomError.prototype = Object.create(Error.prototype);

try {
  throw new CustomError('foobar');
}
catch (e) {
  console.log('name:', e.name);
  console.log('message:', e.message);
  console.log('stack:', e.stack);
}

在ES2015中,您可以使用 class 要彻底做到这一点:

class NotImplemented extends Error {
  constructor(message = "", ...args) {
    super(message, ...args);
    this.message = message + " has not yet been implemented.";
  }
}

这不会修改全局 Error 原型,允许您自定义 message , name 以及其他属性,并正确捕获堆栈。它的可读性也很好。

当然,你可能需要使用像 babel 如果您的代码将在旧的浏览器上运行。

本标准的这一节可以解释 Error.apply 调用不初始化对象:

15.11.1作为函数调用的错误构造函数

当错误被作为函数而不是构造函数调用时,它创建并 初始化新的错误对象。因此,函数调用错误(…)是 相当于对象创建表达式new error(…)和 同样的论点。

在这种情况下, Error 函数可能确定它不是作为构造函数调用的,因此它返回一个新的错误实例,而不是初始化 this 对象。

使用以下代码进行测试似乎可以证明这实际上是在发生的事情:

function NotImplementedError() { 
   var returned = Error.apply(this, arguments);
   console.log("returned.message = '" + returned.message + "'");
   console.log("this.message = '" + this.message + "'");
}
NotImplementedError.prototype = new Error();

var nie = new NotImplementedError("some message");

运行此命令时将生成以下输出:

returned.message = 'some message'
this.message = ''

我也有类似的问题。我的错误应该是 instanceof 二者都 Error 和 NotImplemented ,它还需要在控制台中生成一个一致的回溯。

我的解决方案:

var NotImplemented = (function() {
  var NotImplemented, err;
  NotImplemented = (function() {
    function NotImplemented(message) {
      var err;
      err = new Error(message);
      err.name = "NotImplemented";
      this.message = err.message;
      if (err.stack) this.stack = err.stack;
    }
    return NotImplemented;
  })();
  err = new Error();
  err.name = "NotImplemented";
  NotImplemented.prototype = err;

  return NotImplemented;
}).call(this);

// TEST:
console.log("instanceof Error: " + (new NotImplemented() instanceof Error));
console.log("instanceof NotImplemented: " + (new NotImplemented() instanceofNotImplemented));
console.log("message: "+(new NotImplemented('I was too busy').message));
throw new NotImplemented("just didn't feel like it");

使用node.js运行的结果:

instanceof Error: true
instanceof NotImplemented: true
message: I was too busy

/private/tmp/t.js:24
throw new NotImplemented("just didn't feel like it");
      ^
NotImplemented: just didn't feel like it
    at Error.NotImplemented (/Users/colin/projects/gems/jax/t.js:6:13)
    at Object.<anonymous> (/Users/colin/projects/gems/jax/t.js:24:7)
    at Module._compile (module.js:449:26)
    at Object.Module._extensions..js (module.js:467:10)
    at Module.load (module.js:356:32)
    at Function.Module._load (module.js:312:12)
    at Module.runMain (module.js:487:10)
    at process.startup.processNextTick.process._tickCallback (node.js:244:9)

这个错误通过了我的三个标准,尽管 stack 属性是非标准的, it is supported in most newer browsers 这在我的情况下是可以接受的。

function InvalidValueError(value, type) {
    this.message = "Expected `" + type.name + "`: " + value;
    var error = new Error(this.message);
    this.stack = error.stack;
}
InvalidValueError.prototype = new Error();
InvalidValueError.prototype.name = InvalidValueError.name;
InvalidValueError.prototype.constructor = InvalidValueError;

Accoring to Joyent 您不应该弄乱stack属性(我在这里给出的很多答案中都看到了),因为它会对性能产生负面影响。他们是这样说的:

堆栈: 一般来说,不要搞砸了。甚至不要增加它。V8仅在有人实际读取属性时才计算它,这显著提高了可处理错误的性能。如果您只是为了增加属性,那么即使您的调用者不需要堆栈,您也会为此付出代价。

我喜欢并且想提及 their idea of wrapping the original error 这是一个很好的替代品。

下面是我如何创建自定义错误的方法,考虑到上面提到的:

ES5版本:

function RError(options) {
    options = options || {}; // eslint-disable-line no-param-reassign
    this.name = options.name;
    this.message = options.message;
    this.cause = options.cause;

    // capture stack (this property is supposed to be treated as private)
    this._err = new Error();

    // create an iterable chain
    this.chain = this.cause ? [this].concat(this.cause.chain) : [this];
}
RError.prototype = Object.create(Error.prototype, {
    constructor: {
        value: RError,
        writable: true,
        configurable: true
    }
});

Object.defineProperty(RError.prototype, 'stack', {
    get: function stack() {
        return this.name + ': ' + this.message + '\n' + this._err.stack.split('\n').slice(2).join('\n');
    }
});

Object.defineProperty(RError.prototype, 'why', {
    get: function why() {
        var _why = this.name + ': ' + this.message;
        for (var i = 1; i < this.chain.length; i++) {
            var e = this.chain[i];
            _why += ' <- ' + e.name + ': ' + e.message;
        }
        return _why;
    }
});

// usage

function fail() {
    throw new RError({
        name: 'BAR',
        message: 'I messed up.'
    });
}

function failFurther() {
    try {
        fail();
    } catch (err) {
        throw new RError({
            name: 'FOO',
            message: 'Something went wrong.',
            cause: err
        });
    }
}

try {
    failFurther();
} catch (err) {
    console.error(err.why);
    console.error(err.stack);
    console.error(err.cause.stack);
}

ES6版本:

class RError extends Error {
    constructor({name, message, cause}) {
        super();
        this.name = name;
        this.message = message;
        this.cause = cause;
    }
    [Symbol.iterator]() {
        let current = this;
        let done = false;
        const iterator = {
            next() {
                const val = current;
                if (done) {
                    return { value: val, done: true };
                }
                current = current.cause;
                if (!val.cause) {
                    done = true;
                }
                return { value: val, done: false };
            }
        };
        return iterator;
    }
    get why() {
        let _why = '';
        for (const e of this) {
            _why += `${_why.length ? ' <- ' : ''}${e.name}: ${e.message}`;
        }
        return _why;
    }
}

// usage

function fail() {
    throw new RError({
        name: 'BAR',
        message: 'I messed up.'
    });
}

function failFurther() {
    try {
        fail();
    } catch (err) {
        throw new RError({
            name: 'FOO',
            message: 'Something went wrong.',
            cause: err
        });
    }
}

try {
    failFurther();
} catch (err) {
    console.error(err.why);
    console.error(err.stack);
    console.error(err.cause.stack);
}

我已经将我的解决方案放入一个模块中,这里是: https://www.npmjs.com/package/rerror

我只需要实现类似的东西,然后发现堆栈在我自己的错误实现中丢失了。我要做的是创建一个虚拟错误并从中检索堆栈:

My.Error = function (message, innerException) {
    var err = new Error();
    this.stack = err.stack; // IMPORTANT!
    this.name = "Error";
    this.message = message;
    this.innerException = innerException;
}
My.Error.prototype = new Error();
My.Error.prototype.constructor = My.Error;
My.Error.prototype.toString = function (includeStackTrace) {
    var msg = this.message;
    var e = this.innerException;
    while (e) {
        msg += " The details are:\n" + e.message;
        e = e.innerException;
    }
    if (includeStackTrace) {
        msg += "\n\nStack Trace:\n\n" + this.stack;
    }
    return msg;
}

我使用构造函数模式来创建新的错误对象。我定义了 原型链 比如一个 Error 实例。参见 Error constructor 参考文献。

你可以在上面检查这个片段 gist .

实施

// Creates user-defined exceptions
var CustomError = (function() {
  'use strict';

  //constructor
  function CustomError() {
    //enforces 'new' instance
    if (!(this instanceof CustomError)) {
      return new CustomError(arguments);
    }
    var error,
      //handles the arguments object when is passed by enforcing a 'new' instance
      args = Array.apply(null, typeof arguments[0] === 'object' ? arguments[0] : arguments),
      message = args.shift() || 'An exception has occurred';

    //builds the message with multiple arguments
    if (~message.indexOf('}')) {
      args.forEach(function(arg, i) {
        message = message.replace(RegExp('\\{' + i + '}', 'g'), arg);
      });
    }

    //gets the exception stack
    error = new Error(message);
    //access to CustomError.prototype.name
    error.name = this.name;

    //set the properties of the instance
    //in order to resemble an Error instance
    Object.defineProperties(this, {
      stack: {
        enumerable: false,
        get: function() { return error.stack; }
      },
      message: {
        enumerable: false,
        value: message
      }
    });
  }

  // Creates the prototype and prevents the direct reference to Error.prototype;
  // Not used new Error() here because an exception would be raised here,
  // but we need to raise the exception when CustomError instance is created.
  CustomError.prototype = Object.create(Error.prototype, {
    //fixes the link to the constructor (ES5)
    constructor: setDescriptor(CustomError),
    name: setDescriptor('JSU Error')
  });

  function setDescriptor(value) {
    return {
      configurable: false,
      enumerable: false,
      writable: false,
      value: value
    };
  }

  //returns the constructor
  return CustomError;
}());

用法

customError构造函数可以接收许多参数来构建消息,例如

var err1 = new CustomError("The url of file is required"),
    err2 = new CustomError("Invalid Date: {0}", +"date"),
    err3 = new CustomError("The length must be greater than {0}", 4),
    err4 = new CustomError("Properties .{0} and .{1} don't exist", "p1", "p2");

throw err4;

这就是自定义错误的外观:

构造函数需要像工厂方法一样,并返回所需的内容。如果需要其他方法/属性,可以在返回对象之前将它们添加到对象中。

function NotImplementedError(message) { return new Error("Not implemented", message); }

x = new NotImplementedError();

不过我不知道你为什么要这么做。为什么不只用 new Error...

• Docs
• Source

var NotImplementedError = function(message) {
    this.name = 'NotImplementedError';
    this.message = message;
    this.stack = (new Error()).stack;
}

// Later on...

throw new NotImplementedError();

class HttpError extends Error {
  constructor(message, code = null, status = null, stack = null, name = null) {
    super();
    this.message = message;
    this.status = 500;

    this.name = name || this.constructor.name;
    this.code = code || `E_${this.name.toUpperCase()}`;
    this.stack = stack || null;
  }

  static fromObject(error) {
    if (error instanceof HttpError) {
      return error;
    }
    else {
      const { message, code, status, stack } = error;
      return new ServerError(message, code, status, stack, error.constructor.name);
    }
  }

  expose() {
    if (this instanceof ClientError) {
      return { ...this };
    }
    else {
      return {
        name: this.name,
        code: this.code,
        status: this.status,
      }
    }
  }
}

class ServerError extends HttpError {}

class ClientError extends HttpError { }

class IncorrectCredentials extends ClientError {
  constructor(...args) {
    super(...args);
    this.status = 400;
  }
}

class ResourceNotFound extends ClientError {
  constructor(...args) {
    super(...args);
    this.status = 404;
  }
}

app.use((req, res, next) => {
  try {
    invalidFunction();
  }
  catch (err) {
    const error = HttpError.fromObject(err);
    return res.status(error.status).send(error.expose());
  }
});

router.post('/api/auth', async (req, res) => {
  try {
    const isLogged = await User.logIn(req.body.username, req.body.password);

    if (!isLogged) {
      throw new IncorrectCredentials('Incorrect username or password');
    }
    else {
      return res.status(200).send({
        token,
      });
    }
  }
  catch (err) {
    const error = HttpError.fromObject(err);
    return res.status(error.status).send(error.expose());
  }
});

instanceof

// the function itself
var fixError = function(err, name) {
    err.name = name;
    return err;
}

// using the function
try {
    throw fixError(new Error('custom error message'), 'CustomError');
} catch (e) {
    if (e.name == 'CustomError')
        console.log('Wee! Custom Error! Msg:', e.message);
    else
        throw e; // unhandled. let it propagate upwards the call stack
}

function myError(msg){ 
      var e = new Error(msg); 
      _this = this; 
      _this.__proto__.__proto__ = e;
}

• err instanceof Error
• err instanceof CustomErrorType
• [CustomErrorType]
• [CustomErrorType: message]
• if

var CustomErrorType = function(message) {
    if (Object.defineProperty) {
        Object.defineProperty(this, "message", {
            value : message || "",
            enumerable : false
        });
    } else {
        this.message = message;
    }

    if (Error.captureStackTrace) {
        Error.captureStackTrace(this, CustomErrorType);
    }
}

CustomErrorType.prototype = new Error();
CustomErrorType.prototype.name = "CustomErrorType";

var err = new CustomErrorType("foo");

产量

var err = new CustomErrorType("foo");
console.log(err);
console.log(err.stack);

[CustomErrorType: foo]
CustomErrorType: foo
    at Object.<anonymous> (/errorTest.js:27:12)
    at Module._compile (module.js:456:26)
    at Object.Module._extensions..js (module.js:474:10)
    at Module.load (module.js:356:32)
    at Function.Module._load (module.js:312:12)
    at Function.Module.runMain (module.js:497:10)
    at startup (node.js:119:16)
    at node.js:906:3

/errorTest.js:30
        throw err;
              ^
CustomErrorType: foo
    at Object.<anonymous> (/errorTest.js:27:12)
    at Module._compile (module.js:456:26)
    at Object.Module._extensions..js (module.js:474:10)
    at Module.load (module.js:356:32)
    at Function.Module._load (module.js:312:12)
    at Function.Module.runMain (module.js:497:10)
    at startup (node.js:119:16)
    at node.js:906:3

我喜欢这样做,所以消息在stacktrace或toString中是相同的,我可以只传递一个名称或名称和消息。在引发HTTP错误时很有用,例如,处理程序可以 error.toString() 对于用户,它将优雅地处理您的错误或任何其他错误。

class AppException extends Error {
  constructor(code, message) {
    const fullMsg = message ? `${code}: ${message}` : code;
    super(fullMsg);
    this.name = code;
    this.message = fullMsg;
  }
  
  toString() {
    return this.message;
  }
}

// Just an error name
try {
  throw new AppException('Forbidden');
} catch(e) {
  console.error(e);
  console.error(e.toString());
}

// A name and a message
try {
  throw new AppException('Forbidden', 'You don\'t have access to this page');
} catch(e) {
  console.error(e);
  console.error(e.toString());
}

为用户定义的错误类型的每个实例尝试一个新的原型对象。它允许 instanceof 在firefox和v8(chome,nodejs)中,检查行为是否正常以及类型和消息是否正确。

function NotImplementedError(message){
    if(NotImplementedError.innercall===undefined){
        NotImplementedError.innercall = true;
        NotImplementedError.prototype = new Error(message);
        NotImplementedError.prototype.name = "NotImplementedError";
        NotImplementedError.prototype.constructor = NotImplementedError;

        return new NotImplementedError(message);
    }
    delete NotImplementedError.innercall;
}

请注意,一个额外的条目将在原本正确的堆栈之前进行处理。

更简单的方法。可以使对象从错误对象继承。 例子:

function NotImplementError(message)
{
    this.message = message;
    Error.call();
    Error.call(message);
} 

我们要做的是使用函数call(),它调用错误类的构造函数,因此基本上与在其他面向对象的语言中实现类继承相同。

有一个 excellent example :

try {
  throw new Error('Whoops!');
} catch (e) {
  console.log(e.name + ': ' + e.message);
}