我们可以使用以下代码进行测试:
#include <iostream>
//`Basic` was borrowed from some general-purpose code I use for testing various issues
//relating to object construction/assignment
struct Basic {
Basic() {
std::cout << "Default-Constructor" << std::endl;
static int val = 0;
if(val++ == 5) throw std::runtime_error("Oops!");
}
Basic(Basic const&) { std::cout << "Copy-Constructor" << std::endl; }
Basic(Basic &&) { std::cout << "Move-Constructor" << std::endl; }
Basic & operator=(Basic const&) { std::cout << "Copy-Assignment" << std::endl; return *this; }
Basic & operator=(Basic &&) { std::cout << "Move-Assignment" << std::endl; return *this; }
~Basic() noexcept { std::cout << "Destructor" << std::endl; }
};
int main() {
Basic * ptrs = new Basic[10];
delete[] ptrs;
return 0;
}
Default-Constructor
Default-Constructor
Default-Constructor
Default-Constructor
Default-Constructor
Default-Constructor
[std::runtime_error thrown and uncaught here]
int main() {
try {
Basic * ptrs = new Basic[10];
delete[] ptrs;
} catch (std::runtime_error const& e) {std::cerr << e.what() << std::endl;}
return 0;
}
输出更改为:
Default-Constructor
Default-Constructor
Default-Constructor
Default-Constructor
Default-Constructor
Default-Constructor
Destructor
Destructor
Destructor
Destructor
Destructor
Oops!
因此,对于完全构造的对象,即使没有显式的
delete[]
new[]
但是你必须担心第六个问题:在我们的例子中,因为
Basic
做资源管理,如果它的构造函数可以这样抛出),我们不必担心。但如果我们的代码看起来像这样,我们可能不得不担心:
#include <iostream>
struct Basic {
Basic() { std::cout << "Default-Constructor" << std::endl; }
Basic(Basic const&) { std::cout << "Copy-Constructor" << std::endl; }
Basic(Basic &&) { std::cout << "Move-Constructor" << std::endl; }
Basic & operator=(Basic const&) { std::cout << "Copy-Assignment" << std::endl; return *this; }
Basic & operator=(Basic &&) { std::cout << "Move-Assignment" << std::endl; return *this; }
~Basic() noexcept { std::cout << "Destructor" << std::endl; }
};
class Wrapper {
Basic * ptr;
public:
Wrapper() : ptr(new Basic) {
std::cout << "WRDefault-Constructor" << std::endl;
static int val = 0;
if(val++ == 5) throw std::runtime_error("Oops!");
}
Wrapper(Wrapper const&) = delete; //Disabling Copy/Move for simplicity
~Wrapper() noexcept { delete ptr; std::cout << "WRDestructor" << std::endl; }
};
int main() {
try {
Wrapper * ptrs = new Wrapper[10];
delete[] ptrs;
} catch (std::runtime_error const& e) {std::cout << e.what() << std::endl;}
return 0;
}
Default-Constructor
WRDefault-Constructor
Default-Constructor
WRDefault-Constructor
Default-Constructor
WRDefault-Constructor
Default-Constructor
WRDefault-Constructor
Default-Constructor
WRDefault-Constructor
Default-Constructor
WRDefault-Constructor
Destructor
WRDestructor
Destructor
WRDestructor
Destructor
WRDestructor
Destructor
WRDestructor
Destructor
WRDestructor
Oops!
Wrapper
对象不会泄漏内存,但第六个
包装器
对象将泄漏
基本的
对象,因为未正确清理!
幸运的是,与任何资源管理方案通常的情况一样,如果使用智能指针,所有这些问题都会消失:
#include <iostream>
#include<memory>
struct Basic {
Basic() { std::cout << "Default-Constructor" << std::endl; }
Basic(Basic const&) { std::cout << "Copy-Constructor" << std::endl; }
Basic(Basic &&) { std::cout << "Move-Constructor" << std::endl; }
Basic & operator=(Basic const&) { std::cout << "Copy-Assignment" << std::endl; return *this; }
Basic & operator=(Basic &&) { std::cout << "Move-Assignment" << std::endl; return *this; }
~Basic() noexcept { std::cout << "Destructor" << std::endl; }
};
class Wrapper {
std::unique_ptr<Basic> ptr;
public:
Wrapper() : ptr(new Basic) {
std::cout << "WRDefault-Constructor" << std::endl;
static int val = 0;
if(val++ == 5) throw std::runtime_error("Oops!");
}
//Wrapper(Wrapper const&) = delete; //Copy disabled by default, move enabled by default
~Wrapper() noexcept { std::cout << "WRDestructor" << std::endl; }
};
int main() {
try {
std::unique_ptr<Wrapper[]> ptrs{new Wrapper[10]}; //Or std::make_unique
} catch (std::runtime_error const& e) {std::cout << e.what() << std::endl;}
return 0;
}
Default-Constructor
WRDefault-Constructor
Default-Constructor
WRDefault-Constructor
Default-Constructor
WRDefault-Constructor
Default-Constructor
WRDefault-Constructor
Default-Constructor
WRDefault-Constructor
Default-Constructor
WRDefault-Constructor
Destructor
WRDestructor
Destructor
WRDestructor
Destructor
WRDestructor
Destructor
WRDestructor
Destructor
WRDestructor
Destructor
Oops!
请注意
Destructor
Default-Constructor
,这告诉我们
基本的
物体现在正在被正确清理。因为资源管理
was DO已委托给
unique_ptr
对象,第六个
对象没有调用其deleter不再是问题。
现在,这其中很多都涉及到人工代码:没有一个合理的程序员会有一个资源管理器
throw
没有正确的处理代码,即使使用智能指针使其“安全”。但是有些程序员就是不合理,即使他们是合理的,你也可能会遇到一个奇怪的、奇异的场景,你必须这样编写代码。那么,就我而言,教训就是始终使用智能指针和其他STL对象来管理动态内存。不要试着自己滚。当你试着调试东西时,它会帮你省去像这样的头痛。