如何从bash脚本并行运行多个程序?

prog1 &
prog2 &

怎么样:

prog1 & prog2 && fg

这将:

1. 起点 prog1 .
2. 将其发送到后台,但继续打印其输出。
3. 起点 prog2 和 把它放在前面 ,这样就可以用 ctrl-c .
4. 当你靠近 PROF2 ,您将返回 PROF1 的 前景 ,这样您也可以用 Ctrl—C .

与GNU并联 http://www.gnu.org/software/parallel/ 它很容易做到:

(echo prog1; echo prog2) | parallel

或者如果你喜欢:

parallel ::: prog1 prog2

了解更多:

• 观看介绍视频以快速了解: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL284C9FF2488BC6D1
• 浏览教程(Man Parallel_教程)。您的命令行 会爱你的。

你可以使用 wait :

some_command &
P1=$!
other_command &
P2=$!
wait $P1 $P2

它将后台程序pids分配给变量( $! 是最后启动的进程的PID),然后 等待 命令等待它们。这很好,因为如果杀死脚本,它也会杀死进程!

#!/bin/bash
prog1 & 2> .errorprog1.log; prog2 & 2> .errorprog2.log

将错误重定向到单独的日志。

有一个非常有用的程序调用nohup。

     nohup - run a command immune to hangups, with output to a non-tty

以下是我用来并行运行max n进程的函数(示例中n=4):

max_children=4

function parallel {
  local time1=$(date +"%H:%M:%S")
  local time2=""

  # for the sake of the example, I'm using $2 as a description, you may be interested in other description
  echo "starting $2 ($time1)..."
  "$@" && time2=$(date +"%H:%M:%S") && echo "finishing $2 ($time1 -- $time2)..." &

  local my_pid=$$
  local children=$(ps -eo ppid | grep -w $my_pid | wc -w)
  children=$((children-1))
  if [[ $children -ge $max_children ]]; then
    wait -n
  fi
}

parallel sleep 5
parallel sleep 6
parallel sleep 7
parallel sleep 8
parallel sleep 9
wait

如果将max_children设置为核心数,此函数将尝试避免空闲核心。

如果您想使用 ctrl-c ,这是我最喜欢的方法:在 (…) 子壳和陷阱 SIGINT 执行 kill 0 将杀死子shell组中生成的所有内容:

(trap 'kill 0' SIGINT; prog1 & prog2 & prog3)

您可以拥有复杂的流程执行结构,并且所有内容都将以单个 Ctrl—C (只需确保最后一个进程在前台运行,即不包括 & 之后 prog1.3 ):

(trap 'kill 0' SIGINT; prog1.1 && prog1.2 & (prog2.1 | prog2.2 || prog2.3) & prog1.3)

你可以试试 ppss . PPS相当强大-您甚至可以创建一个小型集群。 如果您有一批令人尴尬的并行处理要做,xargs-p也会很有用。

最近我遇到了类似的情况,我需要同时运行多个程序,将它们的输出重定向到单独的日志文件,然后等待它们完成,最后我得到如下结果:

#!/bin/bash

# Add the full path processes to run to the array
PROCESSES_TO_RUN=("/home/joao/Code/test/prog_1/prog1" \
                  "/home/joao/Code/test/prog_2/prog2")
# You can keep adding processes to the array...

for i in ${PROCESSES_TO_RUN[@]}; do
    ${i%/*}/./${i##*/} > ${i}.log 2>&1 &
    # ${i%/*} -> Get folder name until the /
    # ${i##*/} -> Get the filename after the /
done

# Wait for the processes to finish
wait

来源: http://joaoperibeiro.com/execute-multiple-programs-and-redirect-their-outputs-linux/

xargs -P <n> 允许你跑步 <n> 命令并行。

同时 -P 是一个非标准选项,GNU(Linux)和MacOS/BSD实现都支持它。

以下示例:

• 跑 至多 一次并行3个命令,
• 只有在先前启动的进程终止时才启动其他命令。

time xargs -P 3 -I {} sh -c 'eval "$1"' - {} <<'EOF'
sleep 1; echo 1
sleep 2; echo 2
sleep 3; echo 3
echo 4
EOF

输出看起来像:

1   # output from 1st command 
4   # output from *last* command, which started as soon as the count dropped below 3
2   # output from 2nd command
3   # output from 3rd command

real    0m3.012s
user    0m0.011s
sys 0m0.008s

计时显示命令是并行运行的(最后一个命令仅在最初3个命令中的第一个终止后启动,但执行速度非常快)。

这个 xargs 在所有命令都完成之前,命令本身不会返回,但您可以通过使用控制运算符终止命令来在后台执行它。 & 然后使用 wait 内置等待整个 参数代换 命令完成。

{
  xargs -P 3 -I {} sh -c 'eval "$1"' - {} <<'EOF'
sleep 1; echo 1
sleep 2; echo 2
sleep 3; echo 3
echo 4
EOF
} &

# Script execution continues here while `xargs` is running 
# in the background.
echo "Waiting for commands to finish..."

# Wait for `xargs` to finish, via special variable $!, which contains
# the PID of the most recently started background process.
wait $!

注:

• BSD/MACOS 参数代换 要求您指定并行运行的命令数 明确地 而GNU 参数代换 允许您指定 -P 0 尽可能多地跑 尽可能 并行地。

• 并行运行的进程的输出到达 当它被生成时 所以它会 不可预知的交错 .

  • GNU parallel ,如中所述 Ole's answer (确实) 不 大多数平台都标配),方便 序列化 (分组)每个进程的输出,并提供更多高级功能。

进程生成管理器

当然,从技术上讲,这些都是进程,这个程序真的应该称为进程生成管理器,但这仅仅是因为bash使用与符号分叉时的工作方式,它使用fork()或clone()系统调用,将其克隆到单独的内存空间中,而不是像pthread_create()这样共享内存的东西。奥里。如果bash支持后者,那么每个“执行序列”的操作都将完全相同,可以称为传统线程,同时获得更有效的内存占用。但是,在功能上,它的工作原理是相同的,虽然有点困难,因为全局变量在每个工作克隆中都不可用,因此使用进程间通信文件和基本的群信号量来管理关键部分。当然,从bash中分叉是这里的基本答案,但我觉得人们似乎知道这一点,但实际上是在管理什么是生成的,而不是仅仅把它分叉然后忘记。这演示了一种管理最多200个分叉进程实例的方法,所有这些实例都访问单个资源。很明显,这太过分了,但我喜欢写它,所以我继续写下去。相应地增加终端的大小。希望你觉得这个有用。

ME=$(basename $0)
IPC="/tmp/$ME.ipc"      #interprocess communication file (global thread accounting stats)
DBG=/tmp/$ME.log
echo 0 > $IPC           #initalize counter
F1=thread
SPAWNED=0
COMPLETE=0
SPAWN=1000              #number of jobs to process
SPEEDFACTOR=1           #dynamically compensates for execution time
THREADLIMIT=50          #maximum concurrent threads
TPS=1                   #threads per second delay
THREADCOUNT=0           #number of running threads
SCALE="scale=5"         #controls bc's precision
START=$(date +%s)       #whence we began
MAXTHREADDUR=6         #maximum thread life span - demo mode

LOWER=$[$THREADLIMIT*100*90/10000]   #90% worker utilization threshold
UPPER=$[$THREADLIMIT*100*95/10000]   #95% worker utilization threshold
DELTA=10                             #initial percent speed change

threadspeed()        #dynamically adjust spawn rate based on worker utilization
{
   #vaguely assumes thread execution average will be consistent
   THREADCOUNT=$(threadcount)
   if [ $THREADCOUNT -ge $LOWER ] && [ $THREADCOUNT -le $UPPER ] ;then
      echo SPEED HOLD >> $DBG
      return
   elif [ $THREADCOUNT -lt $LOWER ] ;then
      #if maxthread is free speed up
      SPEEDFACTOR=$(echo "$SCALE;$SPEEDFACTOR*(1-($DELTA/100))"|bc)
      echo SPEED UP $DELTA%>> $DBG
   elif [ $THREADCOUNT -gt $UPPER ];then
      #if maxthread is active then slow down
      SPEEDFACTOR=$(echo "$SCALE;$SPEEDFACTOR*(1+($DELTA/100))"|bc)
      DELTA=1                            #begin fine grain control
      echo SLOW DOWN $DELTA%>> $DBG
   fi

   echo SPEEDFACTOR $SPEEDFACTOR >> $DBG

   #average thread duration   (total elapsed time / number of threads completed)
   #if threads completed is zero (less than 100), default to maxdelay/2  maxthreads

   COMPLETE=$(cat $IPC)

   if [ -z $COMPLETE ];then
      echo BAD IPC READ ============================================== >> $DBG
      return
   fi

   #echo Threads COMPLETE $COMPLETE >> $DBG
   if [ $COMPLETE -lt 100 ];then
      AVGTHREAD=$(echo "$SCALE;$MAXTHREADDUR/2"|bc)
   else
      ELAPSED=$[$(date +%s)-$START]
      #echo Elapsed Time $ELAPSED >> $DBG
      AVGTHREAD=$(echo "$SCALE;$ELAPSED/$COMPLETE*$THREADLIMIT"|bc)
   fi
   echo AVGTHREAD Duration is $AVGTHREAD >> $DBG

   #calculate timing to achieve spawning each workers fast enough
   # to utilize threadlimit - average time it takes to complete one thread / max number of threads
   TPS=$(echo "$SCALE;($AVGTHREAD/$THREADLIMIT)*$SPEEDFACTOR"|bc)
   #TPS=$(echo "$SCALE;$AVGTHREAD/$THREADLIMIT"|bc)  # maintains pretty good
   #echo TPS $TPS >> $DBG

}
function plot()
{
   echo -en \\033[${2}\;${1}H

   if [ -n "$3" ];then
         if [[ $4 = "good" ]];then
            echo -en "\\033[1;32m"
         elif [[ $4 = "warn" ]];then
            echo -en "\\033[1;33m"
         elif [[ $4 = "fail" ]];then
            echo -en "\\033[1;31m"
         elif [[ $4 = "crit" ]];then
            echo -en "\\033[1;31;4m"
         fi
   fi
      echo -n "$3"
      echo -en "\\033[0;39m"
}

trackthread()   #displays thread status
{
   WORKERID=$1
   THREADID=$2
   ACTION=$3    #setactive | setfree | update
   AGE=$4

   TS=$(date +%s)

   COL=$[(($WORKERID-1)/50)*40]
   ROW=$[(($WORKERID-1)%50)+1]

   case $ACTION in
      "setactive" )
         touch /tmp/$ME.$F1$WORKERID  #redundant - see main loop
         #echo created file $ME.$F1$WORKERID >> $DBG
         plot $COL $ROW "Worker$WORKERID: ACTIVE-TID:$THREADID INIT    " good
         ;;
      "update" )
         plot $COL $ROW "Worker$WORKERID: ACTIVE-TID:$THREADID AGE:$AGE" warn
         ;;
      "setfree" )
         plot $COL $ROW "Worker$WORKERID: FREE                         " fail
         rm /tmp/$ME.$F1$WORKERID
         ;;
      * )

      ;;
   esac
}

getfreeworkerid()
{
   for i in $(seq 1 $[$THREADLIMIT+1])
   do
      if [ ! -e /tmp/$ME.$F1$i ];then
         #echo "getfreeworkerid returned $i" >> $DBG
         break
      fi
   done
   if [ $i -eq $[$THREADLIMIT+1] ];then
      #echo "no free threads" >> $DBG
      echo 0
      #exit
   else
      echo $i
   fi
}

updateIPC()
{
   COMPLETE=$(cat $IPC)        #read IPC
   COMPLETE=$[$COMPLETE+1]     #increment IPC
   echo $COMPLETE > $IPC       #write back to IPC
}


worker()
{
   WORKERID=$1
   THREADID=$2
   #echo "new worker WORKERID:$WORKERID THREADID:$THREADID" >> $DBG

   #accessing common terminal requires critical blocking section
   (flock -x -w 10 201
      trackthread $WORKERID $THREADID setactive
   )201>/tmp/$ME.lock

   let "RND = $RANDOM % $MAXTHREADDUR +1"

   for s in $(seq 1 $RND)               #simulate random lifespan
   do
      sleep 1;
      (flock -x -w 10 201
         trackthread $WORKERID $THREADID update $s
      )201>/tmp/$ME.lock
   done

   (flock -x -w 10 201
      trackthread $WORKERID $THREADID setfree
   )201>/tmp/$ME.lock

   (flock -x -w 10 201
      updateIPC
   )201>/tmp/$ME.lock
}

threadcount()
{
   TC=$(ls /tmp/$ME.$F1* 2> /dev/null | wc -l)
   #echo threadcount is $TC >> $DBG
   THREADCOUNT=$TC
   echo $TC
}

status()
{
   #summary status line
   COMPLETE=$(cat $IPC)
   plot 1 $[$THREADLIMIT+2] "WORKERS $(threadcount)/$THREADLIMIT  SPAWNED $SPAWNED/$SPAWN  COMPLETE $COMPLETE/$SPAWN SF=$SPEEDFACTOR TIMING=$TPS"
   echo -en '\033[K'                   #clear to end of line
}

function main()
{
   while [ $SPAWNED -lt $SPAWN ]
   do
      while [ $(threadcount) -lt $THREADLIMIT ] && [ $SPAWNED -lt $SPAWN ]
      do
         WID=$(getfreeworkerid)
         worker $WID $SPAWNED &
         touch /tmp/$ME.$F1$WID    #if this loops faster than file creation in the worker thread it steps on itself, thread tracking is best in main loop
         SPAWNED=$[$SPAWNED+1]
         (flock -x -w 10 201
            status
         )201>/tmp/$ME.lock
         sleep $TPS
        if ((! $[$SPAWNED%100]));then
           #rethink thread timing every 100 threads
           threadspeed
        fi
      done
      sleep $TPS
   done

   while [ "$(threadcount)" -gt 0 ]
   do
      (flock -x -w 10 201
         status
      )201>/tmp/$ME.lock
      sleep 1;
   done

   status
}

clear
threadspeed
main
wait
status
echo

用 巴什杰 ( https://sourceforge.net/projects/bashj/ )您不仅可以运行多个 过程 (其他人的建议)但也有很多 螺纹 在一个由脚本控制的JVM中。当然,这需要一个JAVA JDK。线程消耗的资源比进程少。

以下是工作代码:

#!/usr/bin/bashj

#!java

public static int cnt=0;

private static void loop() {u.p("java says cnt= "+(cnt++));u.sleep(1.0);}

public static void startThread()
{(new Thread(() ->  {while (true) {loop();}})).start();}

#!bashj

j.startThread()

while [ j.cnt -lt 4 ]
do
  echo "bash views cnt=" j.cnt
  sleep 0.5
done