python 3中的模块级string.upper函数在哪里?

如何使此代码在3中工作?

请注意,我不是在问 "foo".upper() 在字符串实例级别。

import string
try:
    print("string module, upper function:")
    print(string.upper)
    foo = string.upper("Foo")
    print("foo:%s" % (foo))
except (Exception,) as e:
    raise

输出在2上:

string module, upper function:
<function upper at 0x10baad848>
foo:FOO

输出在3上:

string module, upper function:
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "dummytst223.py", line 70, in <module>
    test_string_upper()
  File "dummytst223.py", line 63, in test_string_upper
    print(string.upper)
AttributeError: module 'string' has no attribute 'upper'

help(string) 也不是很有帮助。据我所知,唯一剩下的功能是 string.capwords .

注意:有点老土,但这里有一个我的短期解决方案。

import string

try:
    _ = string.upper
except (AttributeError,) as e:
    def upper(s):
        return s.upper()
    string.upper = upper